Chinese academics have called for more studies of the country's claims to the disputed South China Sea.

"Narrative construction and discourse building are essential if we are to effectively defend our rights and interests in the South China Sea - both in the present and in future," Wu Shicun, founder of the National Institute for South China Sea Studies, told a seminar held in Hainan province last week.

Beijing lays claim to much of the South China Sea, citing historic activities and records in support.

Its claims were rejected by the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague in 2016 in a case filed by the Philippines.

Recently the two countries have been involved in a series of clashes near disputed reefs - including collisions, China using water cannons and a recent incident in which a Philippine sailor lost a thumb. These have raised fears that the situation may escalate into a more serious conflict.

Without naming any country, Wu said China faced "an increasingly arduous battle over public perception and opinion", adding that "rival claimants" were "stepping up cooperation with extraterritorial forces in the study of historical and legal issues" concerning the South China Sea.

Beijing has dismissed the Hague ruling as "null and void" and continued to build up its infrastructure and troop presence in the South China Sea.

But the Philippines and other claimants - which include Vietnam, Malaysia and Brunei - along with the United States and its allies have repeatedly urged China to abide by international law.

The Philippines has signalled that it may turn to the Hague for another ruling, fuelling worries in Beijing that it would put the country in a bind and harm its reputation as a peacemaker and friendly neighbour in the region.

Yi Xianliang, a former ambassador to Norway who previously served as deputy director of the foreign ministry's boundary and ocean affairs department, also spoke at Tuesday's seminar and dismissed the 2016 ruling as a "bad joke".

But he warned "we have to ask why the ruling is flawed" and ask if it "will happen again and how we can prevent it from happening again".

Wu, who now chairs the Huayang Institute for Research on Maritime Cooperation and Ocean Governance, denied China had violated international law in its disputes with the Philippines, and accused the US and its allies for "taking sides ... by supporting whoever confronts China and violates China's rights in the South China Sea".

"Some strange theories which deliberately distort the history of the South China Sea and maliciously smear China's rights and claims in the South China Sea have begun to circulate in the international academic community," Wu said.

He urged the 100 or so historians and legal scholars present to help "restore the rightful background on South China Sea issues from historical and legal perspectives".

Wu also said the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - which governs maritime rights and the freedom of navigation - could not take precedence over countries' historical titles and rights, citing a previous case involving Eritrea and Yemen in the 1990s.

He said scholars could make their case by tapping into foreign manuscript collections, maritime histories and Western naval literature to support China's claims.

This would allow them to "give a forceful response to the false narratives that China is changing the status quo in the South China Sea, that China has failed to comply with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea", Wu said.

This, he said, would help rebut accusations that Beijing was making "excessive maritime claims".

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