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The city of Amadiyah, located in northern Iraq, is the only city that cannot grow and cannot expand as it is built on top of a mountain and is 1,400 meters above sea level and includes five ancient gates.

ATTENTION-
Tackling Your Unknown Unknowns.
A Personal Perspective: The moral act of directing our attention and getting wiser.
Reviewed by Abigail Fagan

KEY POINTS-
We need to challenge ourselves at the level of knowing about our knowing and our un-knowing.
Our personal challenges and growth, not just the collective ones, require the same order.
Explore the principles underneath your data, assumptions, and final positions.
When we forget all our learning, then we begin to know. —Henry David Thoreau

We cannot live on pretend foods like artificial whipped toppings. Fun to the taste, empty of nutrients. We all know this.

We cannot live on pretend thinking either, embellished and well-language thoughts, but empty and tired. We don’t know this nearly as much.

We are responsible for what we put into our bodies. We are responsible for what we put into our minds. How and where we put our attention is a moral action and set of decisions.

My question for all of us: How are we doing on how we feed our minds?

Yes, we are, most of us most of the time, beyond mental Cool Whip and pretend thinking. But these are important times for all of us on the planet with many deep and complex challenges. We need broader and deeper knowing and acting.

We can do better. We need to challenge ourselves at the level of knowing about our knowing and our un-knowing. This branch of philosophy that looks at how we know is called epistemology. This is what Donald Rumsfeld referred to, without the big word, when, in describing the invasion of Iraq 20-plus years ago—the “unknown unknowns” can mess up our plans for about anything, war included, more than the “known unknowns.”

We are “epistemologically impoverished” if we rely primarily on the thinking modes that got us here. This is why we put the equivalent of artificial whipped cream and Twinkies in our minds. Who thinks so? Many scientists, including Einstein, who was known for the pithy summation: to solve a problem we have to think at a higher level than at the level that created the problem. Another scientific mind that helps us on how and what we feed our minds, and subsequent poor decision-making, is the brain hemisphere genius Iain McGilchrist, who spent 20 years of his career, after Oxford, doing neuroimaging at John Hopkins.

McGilchrist’s latest book (a difficult read, but with much beauty and truth laced throughout, and the boldest book, with the biggest questions, I have ever read), like the one before it summarized in this well watched TED talk, wants to incorporate our left-hemisphere’s analytical prowess into more complete approaches. He painstakingly concludes in his works, and analytically points to this: that for our best thinking on the big questions confronting us—climate change, wealth disparity, crime and rehabilitation—the values and compassion and wisdom of the right hemisphere is the place to start. Then we bring in the analytical tools we are so fond of and good at.

But the order of the considerations and methods is important. Our personal challenges and growth, not just the collective ones, need the same order. First, we need attention that has an open receptivity to it, a deep curiosity of not knowing—like Thoreau mentions in the opening quote—and holding assumptions. This gets us out of our old assumptions. Then we can look at something with a freshness and a wider scope that combines the best of the old with the innovative possibilities of the new.

Where do we start?
The implications here are huge and lead us to consider: How do we upgrade our thinking modes? How does “starting with the right hemisphere” look? So, to begin, when you have a discussion or dialogue with others, think less about your expertise. Listen more. say less. Go to the principles underneath our data and assumptions and final positions on things. In the language of the Crucial Conversations world, we look for a shared pool of meaning with other thinkers on the topic, including the ones with whom we disagree.

Humility and dialogue, listening and receptivity. These are qualities of being, dispositions, that help us find and take deeper, wiser positions on all matters: from where to send our kids to school, to charging politicians with crimes, to protecting our environment.

A good dose of humility will help us too, to see things anew, broaden our thinking and get past our epistemological impoverishment. As the mystic Nicholas of Cusa said nearly 700 years ago in On Learned Ignorance—the deeper we know our unknowing, the nearer we are to the truth.

And stay away from too much whipped topping, ok? Put some on your pumpkin or apple crisp occasionally. A few times a year is plenty.

RESILIENCE-
Character, Resilience, and Self-Esteem Go Hand in Hand.
The choices we make in responding to our challenges reveal what we are made of.
Reviewed by Davia Sills

KEY POINTS-
Character is about how individuals live out what they believe to be true about life, people, and the world.
Resilience is both a reflection and a building block of character.
Good character is about a collection of positive traits, and it evolves, choice by choice, over the course of someone's life experiences.
“He was pompous and arrogant when we captured him, but as the days went on and he no longer had his palaces, his generals, and his handmaidens, he just became a pathetic old man,” Navy Seal Admiral William McRaven says of former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein in an April 2023 interview with AARP Bulletin. “Within about four or five days, you could tell that Saddam was not a leader. When you take away all the trappings, that’s when you find out the character of an individual.”

McRaven contrasted Hussein with Nelson Mandela, who spent over 27 years imprisoned in South Africa for challenging the Apartheid government. “Because Mandela had this great strength of character, he came out of prison as strong and maybe even stronger than when he went in,” says McRaven.

What is character, anyway? We could say it’s how you live out what you believe to be true about life, people, and the world. It shows in how you live and how you treat others.

Character strengths
We think of character strengths as positive qualities that are reflected in someone’s thoughts, feelings, and actions. We aspire to have such character strengths ourselves or find them in our friends, family, or others around us.

In positive psychology, many researchers use the Values in Action (VIA) Classification, which identifies 24 character strengths that are often organized under six core virtues. The virtues represent characteristics long valued by philosophers and in religious teachings. Character strengths represent the means for achieving these virtues. The VIA virtues and character strengths are:
Wisdom — creativity, curiosity, judgment, love of learning, perspective
Courage — bravery, perseverance, honesty, zest
Humanity — love, kindness, social-emotional intelligence
Justice — teamwork, fairness, leadership
Temperance — forgiveness, humility, prudence, self-regulation
Transcendence — appreciation of beauty and excellence, gratitude, hope, humor, spirituality

Good character is more than just one attribute; it is really a collection of positive traits. And the good news is that research finds that positive character traits correspond to well-being, happiness, emotional and psychological health, work performance, and satisfaction.

Character strengths and resilience
To attain the level of virtue, to be fully realized and self-aware, requires us to cultivate qualities we associate with resilience—including judgment, perspective, bravery, perseverance, prudence, self-regulation, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality. These are among the characteristics of a resilient person.

When we face a challenge, we reveal our character—“what we are made of.” Consider Mandela’s extraordinary challenge, imprisoned for nearly three decades because of his efforts to oppose the South African government nonviolently. Yet he was able, upon his release, to have the wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence to be able to shake hands with the prison guards who had kept him locked up for more than 27 years. He abhorred the injustice that had put him in prison, but he didn’t unjustly blame the guards for doing their jobs.

This is the man who wrote in his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, “I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.” Like the ancient Greeks, who were quite interested in the subject of courage, Mandela understood that the courageous man or woman acting from a place of humanitarianism and justice would certainly feel fear in the face of a difficult challenge—but would move forward anyway.

“Good character is not formed in a week or a month,” wrote sixth-century BCE Greek philosopher Heraclitus. “It is created little by little, day by day. Protracted and patient effort is needed to develop good character.”

Good character evolves over the course of our life experiences. Each bump in the road tests our character, measures how well we choose, gauges the degree to which we live out our ethics and morality, and shows what we’re made of. The choices we make at these moments—to bravely face the truth rather than trying to hide from it, to let tears reveal our sorrow instead of choking them back to pretend indifference, to turn away from cruel words and not return them—reveal the person we really are. These micro-choices altogether comprise the big choice of who we want to be, the person we present to the world. Strong character, resilience, authenticity, and genuine self-esteem go hand in hand.

Another quote from Nelson Mandela: “Do not judge me by my success; judge me by how many times I fell down and got back up again.” It’s in choosing to get back up after we’ve fallen—the first time or the 50th time—that we build our resilience and strengthen our character.